A New Orchard and Garden
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London: Cresset Press Limited
1927
Special Collections SB97 LD52 1927
Of Gardens
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Netherton, Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Fleece Press
1993
Special Collections SB455.3 B317 1993
Yates' garden guide
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41st ed.
Yates' Garden Guide was a series produced by the Arthur Yates Company, founded in Auckland in 1883 and expanded to include a Sydney branch in 1887. The first edition appeared in 1895 as Yates' Garden Guide for Australia and New Zealand, but it was only nominally addressed to New Zealand gardeners. In the New Zealand-distributed editions from 1922-1934, revisions took greater account of New Zealand's cooler growing condition. Finally in 1934 a truly New Zealand edition (the 20th) appeared. By 1931 the guidebook was being used in schools as a text book so its influence must have been considerable. Most editions through to the 32nd (1946) saw small revisions. However the Guide was restructured for a ‘new look' edition in 1950 and briefly renumbered as the 1st of three new editions. By 1957 Yates' had reverted to the original sequence of numbers (39th edition 1957). Major rewriting was claimed for the 61st (1987) edition. This long-running series is an outstanding historical resource, encapsulating all significant trends in the history of gardening in New Zealand in the 20th century.
Arthur Yates: Auckland
Yates New Zealand
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Private Collection
Rose growing in New Zealand
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James Young (1862-1934) was Curator of the Christchurch Botanic Gardens from 1908-1933, having trained in England and worked in Victoria, Australia. As an expert on roses—the Christchurch Botanic Gardens rosery was probably the largest in Australasia—James Young also wrote the series' handbook on rose growing (ca. 1919).
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Whitcombe & Tombs: Auckland
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Private Collection
Yates’ 1932 Garden Annual
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Wilson & Horton: Auckland
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Private Collection
Manual of gardening in New Zealand
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After Murphy's death, David Tannock, the Superintendent of Gardens and Reserves, Dunedin, took over his role. His first book, Manual of Gardening in New Zealand appeared in 1916. Appointed Curator at the Dunedin Botanic Gardens in 1903 following training at Kew and work in the West Indies, Tannock quickly built up contacts with other professional horticulturalists and keen amateurs. Several of these contributed sections to the Manual. An enlarged edition was published in 1921 and a substantial revision with a rather bland cover came out in 1934 under the title Practical Gardening in New Zealand.
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Whitcombe & Tombs: Auckland
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Private Collection
Fruit growing in New Zealand
Whitcombe and Tombs were New Zealand's leading publishers of household manuals, on both cooking and gardening. At the end of the 1st World War, they began a series of New Zealand Practical Handbooks. For amateur gardeners, the series provided advice on vegetable growing, flower gardening, rock gardening, rose growing, fruit growing, and the cultivation of native plants.
The author of the handbooks on vegetable (1918) and fruit growing (1921) was John Thomas Sinclair (b. 1872), Head Gardener to A. E. G. Rhodes of Te Koraha, Christchurch.
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Whitcombe & Tombs: Auckland
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Vegetable growing in New Zealand
Whitcombe and Tombs were New Zealand's leading publishers of household manuals, on both cooking and gardening. At the end of the 1st World War, they began a series of New Zealand Practical Handbooks. For amateur gardeners, the series provided advice on vegetable growing, flower gardening, rock gardening, rose growing, fruit growing, and the cultivation of native plants.
The author of the handbooks on vegetable (1918) and fruit growing (1921) was John Thomas Sinclair (b. 1872), Head Gardener to A. E. G. Rhodes of Te Koraha, Christchurch.
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Whitcombe & Tombs: Auckland
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Flora, seu, de florum cultura
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ohn Rea (d. 1681) was a professional nurseryman and garden designer who wrote just one gardening book: Flora Ceres & Pomona (1665). His audience were ‘florists', the term then used for flower fanciers and collectors. Having found Parkinson's 1628 book out-dated, he prepared this work with three sections: Flora, dealing with the making of enclosed flower gardens and ornamental orchards; Ceres, listing the best varieties of annual flowers grown from seed; and Pomona, introducing ornamental fruits, climbers and flowering shrubs. Besides descriptions of the best varieties of bulbs, flowers and fruits, Rea meticulously listed the necessary tools. It was acknowledged as the most important manual on flower gardening of the later 17th century.
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Printed by J.G. for Richard Marriott: London
Marriot, Richard
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Ec/1665/R [De Beer Special Collections]
Rapin of gardens
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Translated by James Gardiner
The two editions on display of Gardiner's English translation of René Rapin's long poem on gardens illustrate parts of the ideal country estate of the late 17th century. The illustration in this 1706 edition shows groves and formal wilderness plantations in the background, and parterres (descendants of knot gardens) on either side of the central allée.
Book II of the 1718 edition depicts muscular gardeners working in a grove, a type of plantation fashionable in France, Italy and England throughout the 16th-17th century.
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Printed by W. Bowyer for Bernard Lintott: London
Gardiner, James
Bowyer, William
Lintot, Bernard
Howman, R
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Eb/1718/R [DeBeer Special Collections]
An essay on the picturesque
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Although Sir Uvedale Price (1747-1829) cannot be described as a writer of gardening manuals, his theoretical contributions to the debate over what constituted a ‘picturesque' landscape greatly influenced practising landscape gardeners. His Essays on the Picturesque (1796) were a reaction to the transformations by ‘Capability' Brown and his imitators of many country estates into smooth undulating stretches of grass, belts of trees and serpentine lakes. Price considered these impoverished and disfigured and set about defining ‘picturesque' as distinct from Burke's categories of the ‘beautiful' and the ‘sublime'.
Price shared this dislike with his neighbour, Richard Payne Knight (1754-1824), who expressed his views in a long poem, The Landscape (1794), which he dedicated to Price, and then in an essay entitled An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste (1805). Knight desired detail and mystery in landscapes, urging a return to ‘moss-grown terraces', mazes, avenues of yews and ancient buildings and trees. This double page illustration was intended to sway viewers towards the romantic picturesque style.
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Printed for J. Robson: London
Robson, James
Sinclair, W. J.
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Eb 1796 P [de Beer Special Collections]
Handbook of gardening for New Zealand
1st ed.
The first comprehensive gardening manual published in New Zealand was Michael Murphy's Handbook of Gardening for New Zealand (ca. 1885), which also included chapters on poultry and bee-keeping. Murphy (1833-1914) came to New Zealand from Ireland, via Tasmania, and became Secretary of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association. He edited their quarterly publication The New Zealand Country Journal (1877-1898). As well as writing about land improvement and crops, he made a fine garden at Woodham, Christchurch, judging from the illustrations in the 4th and final edition of his handbook (1907). Murphy openly drew on material from British books such as Loudon's Encyclopaedia, and believed that ‘One quarter of an acre, well managed, would provide a large family all the year round with an ample supply of wholesome vegetables.' (Preface to 1st edition).
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Whitcombe and Tombs: Christchurch
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Hocken UAV/M
A treatise on forming, improving, and managing country residences
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In 2 vols.
Rural scenery is so congenial to the human mind, that there are few persons who do not indulge the hope of retiring at some period into the country.' So begins John Claudius Loudon's A Treatise on Forming, Improving and Managing Country Residences (1806), which was the product of his early career as a landscape gardener. From 1803 to 1807, he ran a busy practice from London. Unlike his mentor, Uvedale Price, who concentrated on the principles of picturesque landscape design, Loudon executed the designs, no doubt helped by practical experience gained while growing up as a Scottish farmer's son.
At the time Loudon wrote this work the ferme ornée (an aesthetically-pleasing forerunner to today's lifestyle block) was the height of fashion. Following a crippling attack of rheumatic fever, Loudon gave up the practice and created his own ferme ornée in Oxfordshire. The profits from its sale in 1811 financed his European travel. Because of its pliable non-splinter quality, larch was suitable for ship-building. Here are some of Loudon's recommendations on how to bend larch trees into shape.
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Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme: London
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Eb 1806 L [de Beer Special Collections]
The gentleman's recreation
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The 2d ed.
The Rev. John Laurence (1668-1732), was the first of sixteen clergymen to write important gardening books in the 18th century. His first work The Clergy-Man's Recreation (1714) aimed to preserve the health of clergy by encouraging them to leave their studies and gain moderate exercise in practical gardening, especially the cultivation of fruit against protective walls. Its success led him to write The Gentleman's Recreation (1716) and The Fruit-Garden Kalendar (1718), all three appearing in an omnibus edition entitled Gardening Improv'd (1718). To his gentlemen readers, Laurence advocated the modern philosophy that ‘Though we may safely do many things, which Nature would not or could not do; yet we are never to hope for Success, if we do any thing contrary to Nature' (p. 16).
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Printed for B. Lintott: London
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Eb 1717 L [de Beer Special Collections]
John Evelyn
John Evelyn was born in Wotton, Surrey, in 1620. He spent most of his early life in Lewes, Sussex. After being educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he spent several years travelling in Europe. Evelyn was a supporter of Charles I and after the King's execution in 1649 he went into exile. Evelyn returned in 1652 and eventually became a Fellow of the Royal Society. After the Restoration Evelyn joined the royal court of Charles II. In 1661 he published a book on pollution, The Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke of London Dissipated. This was followed by A Disclosure of Forest Trees (1664). After the Great Fire of London in 1666 Evelyn submitted proposals for the rebuilding of the capital. He also published Navigation and Commerce (1674). He died in 1706. His diaries covering the years 1641-1706 were found in an old clothes-basket in 1817 and provide vivid portraits of public figures of the period.
On his death, one major work by John Evelyn remained unpublished. It was an encyclopaedia prepared during the 1650s which he entitled Elysium Britannicum. Evelyn later extracted and published various sections from it, for example Sylva, and Acetaria, and continued to enlarge the manuscript throughout his life. However he lost confidence in his ability to finish the work, believing that the amount of information it should contain was beyond the ability of one man to assemble.
There have been several attempts to bring the work to publication, but the poor condition of the manuscripts, the absence of various sections referred to, and the multiple versions of other sections, made the task very difficult. This modern printing is the first edition of this complex work.
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H.G. Bohn: London
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Flower gardening in New Zealand
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2nd ed.
James Young (1862-1934) was Curator of the Christchurch Botanic Gardens from 1908-1933, having trained in England and worked in Victoria, Australia. As an expert on roses—the Christchurch Botanic Gardens rosery was probably the largest in Australasia—James Young also wrote the series' handbook on rose growing (ca. 1919).
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Whitcombe & Tombs: Auckland
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Private Collection
The herball
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John Gerard's reputation rests principally upon his Herball or generall historie of plants (1597). It was not original. It was based on the work of Rembert Dodoens and de L'Obel. It does however contain original gardening advice, based on Gerard's personal experience in his own garden at Holburn, London, and as the curator of the College of Physicians' garden. After his death in 1612, the apothecary Thomas Johnson revised the herbal, correcting its mistakes and replacing most of the ‘borrowed' illustrations. The Johnson edition appeared in 1633.
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Printed by Adam Islip, Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers
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Ec/1633/G [De Beer Special Collections]
Kalendarium hortense
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The de Beer collection contains three editions of John Evelyn's (1620-1705) Silva (or Sylva), the first publication officially sponsored by the Royal Society. This book promoted the planting of trees to avert the timber crisis facing the British navy. The first (1664) edition of Sylva was bound with his Kalendarium Hortense, a garden calendar which instructed readers what operations should be completed in the kitchen garden, orchard and flower garden in each month. Garden calendars have been a popular genre since the 16th century, due to the importance of performing many gardening activities at a set time each year.
As it was deliver'd in the Royal Society the xvth of October, MDCLXII. upon occasion of certain quæries propounded to that illustrious assembly, by the honourable the principal officers, and commissioners of the Navy. Terra, a philosophical essay of earth, being a lecture in course. To which is annexed Pomona: or, An appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider; the making, and several ways of ordering it. Published by express order of the Royal Society. Also Kalendarium Hortense; or, The gard'ners almanac; directing what he is to do monthly throughout the year. All which several treatises are in this third edition much inlarged, and improved. By John Evelyn Esq; Fellow of the Royal Society.
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Printed for John Martyn, printer to the Royal Society: London
Edwards, I.
Rex, James
Holland, Thomas
Martyn, John
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Ec 1679 E [de Beer Special Collections]
Chapman's hand book to the farm and garden
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For some decades after colonization began, the settlers continued to use the English gardening manuals they had brought with them. These were still good sources on techniques, but poor guides to seasonal operations. George Chapman's Hand Book to the Farm and Garden (1862) was designed for new colonists in New Zealand with small holdings. Chapman (1824-1881) was a publisher and bookseller in Auckland from 1855, producing the first edition of Chapman's New Zealand Almanac in 1860, and operating a large lending library. David Hay, founder of Montpellier Nursery in Auckland, wrote the section on field, garden and orchard, and H.J. Hawkins of Belvidere Fruit Nursery contributed the article on garden management.
Geo. T. Chapman: Auckland
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Hocken Pamphlets, v.64, no.1.
The amateur gardener's yearbook
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The Rev. Dr Henry Burgess was a Victorian curate who followed John Laurence's advice to obtain exercise cultivating his garden. When not editing The Journal of Sacred Literature, he was penning practical advice for the Gardener's Chronicle (1846-9). His articles were revised and assembled in The Amateur Gardener's Year-Book (1854). The book was both a garden calendar and collection of essays in which Burgess expounded his views on topics like weeds as ‘thieves', the ‘hateful fraternity' of cats, and the penalties of sloth.
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A & C. Black: Edinburgh
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Private Collection
New Zealand alpines in field and garden
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Walter Boa Brockie (1897-1972) was the curator of the Otari Open-air Native Plant Museum from 1947 to 1962, following Leonard Cockayne (1926-1934). He had a special interest in alpine plants, having worked with James McPherson on the development of the Christchurch Botanic Gardens' rock garden in the late 1930s. His booklet New Zealand Alpines in Field and Garden (1945) reflected this expertise.
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Caxton Press: Christchurch
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QK463.BV16 [Brasch Special Collections]
Brett's Gardening Guide
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Revised ed.
Two long-running series have found their way into most New Zealand homes. Brett's Gardening Guide is a descendant of Brett's Colonists' Guide and Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, published in three editions between 1883 and 1902. The 1st edition of Brett's Gardening Guide (1920?) was based on gardening advice published in the Auckland Star, a newspaper which Henry Brett (1843-1927) bought into in 1870 and of which he became sole owner in 1876. Brett was a keen amateur gardener and his property Te Kiteroa in Takapuna became a showplace for its spacious gardens. It seems likely that the gardening advice reflected his personal experience. After his death, Brett's Gardening Guide was ‘completely rewritten' for the 1941 edition, and extensively revised by James McPherson in 1968, and by Tom Troy in 1977. On display with the two revised editions is the first edition.
New Zealand Newspapers: Auckland
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Private Collection
The French gardiner
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As well as writing his own books on gardening and arboriculture, the English virtuoso John Evelyn translated several influential French manuals. The first (1658) was Nicolas de Bonnefons's Le Jardinier François, a handbook on the cultivation of choice fruits and quality vegetables. The French raised many types of vegetable and herb and Evelyn's translation was designed to introduce some of these to the more conservative English market, along with detailed cultivation instructions. Four editions appeared between 1658 and 1691, variously illustrated. This is the second edition.
An accomplished piece, written originally in French, and now transplanted into English, by John Evelyn, Esq; Fellow of the Royal Society. Illustrated with sculptures. Whereunto is annexed, The English vineyard vindicated by John Rose, now gardiner to his Majesty: with a tract of the making and ordering of wines in France.
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printed by J.M. for John Crooke, and are to be sold at his shop in Duck-Lane: London
Evelyn, John
Rose, John
Hertocks, A.
Crook, John
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Eb/1669/B [De Beer Special Collections]
Every man his own gardener
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15th ed.
John Abercrombie (1726-1806), a professional gardener, was the author of one of the most successful gardener's calendars ever published. Every Man His Own Gardener ran into at least 21 editions in his lifetime. Costing 4 shillings in 1767, this calendar provided lengthy lists of plant varieties as well as copious instructions for practising gardeners. Unlike Miller, Abercrombie avoided botanical names, preferring vernacular names of plants like ‘batchelor-button' and ‘Canterbury-bells', and employed some curious spellings. In the 21st (1818) edition, he was described as ‘sixty years a practical gardiner'.
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Printed for B. Law, J. Johnson [and 14 others]: London
Mawe, Thomas
Prinsep, Thos.
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Eb 1797 A [de Beer Special Collections]
The Florist's manual
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Maria Jacson (mis-spelled Jackson) (1755-1829) wrote her book The Florist's Manual (1816) for middle-class women, so that their choice and arrangement of plants would ‘procure a succession of enamelled borders' (p.4) through spring and summer. She criticized the taste for ‘American gardens' created at great cost for acid-loving plants, and the pre-occupation with rarities. Instead she promoted the ‘mingled flower garden', one of the first which achieved its effect by grouping hardy perennials and annuals, such as hollyhocks, dahlias, sunflowers, poppies and carnations. Her book - written anonymously - is one of the earliest gardening manuals written by a woman, for women.
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Printed for Henry Colburn: London
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Eb/1816/ [DeBeer Special Collections]