Discovery expedition was led by naval commander Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) (later made Captain and knighted), under the auspices of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. The Discovery left the Isle of Wight, England on the 6th August, 1901 and reached New Zealand’s shores on the 29th November. Amongst the crew of the ship was one Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922), transferred from the Merchant Navy, who went on to lead his own expedition to the Antarctic aboard Nimrod in 1907-09. The Discovery left Lyttelton Harbour for Antarctica, on the 21st December, 1901, where the crew hoped to carry out their scientific research. During the expedition, the explorers discovered the snow-free Dry Valleys and the Emperor Penguin colony of Cape Crozier. Discovery returned to England on the 10th September, 1904.]]> ___]]> Discovery expedition was led by naval commander Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) (later made Captain and knighted), under the auspices of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. The Discovery left the Isle of Wight, England on the 6th August, 1901 and reached New Zealand’s shores on the 29th November. Amongst the crew of the ship was one Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922), transferred from the Merchant Navy, who went on to lead his own expedition to the Antarctic aboard Nimrod in 1907-09. The Discovery left Lyttelton Harbour for Antarctica, on the 21st December, 1901, where the crew hoped to carry out their scientific research. During the expedition, the explorers discovered the snow-free Dry Valleys and the Emperor Penguin colony of Cape Crozier. Discovery returned to England on the 10th September, 1904.]]> ___]]> Discovery expedition was led by naval commander Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) (later made Captain and knighted), under the auspices of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. The Discovery left the Isle of Wight, England on the 6th August, 1901 and reached New Zealand’s shores on the 29th November. Amongst the crew of the ship was one Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922), transferred from the Merchant Navy, who went on to lead his own expedition to the Antarctic aboard Nimrod in 1907-09. The Discovery left Lyttelton Harbour for Antarctica, on the 21st December, 1901, where the crew hoped to carry out their scientific research. During the expedition, the explorers discovered the snow-free Dry Valleys and the Emperor Penguin colony of Cape Crozier. Discovery returned to England on the 10th September, 1904.]]> ___]]> Discovery expedition was led by naval commander Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) (later made Captain and knighted), under the auspices of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. The Discovery left the Isle of Wight, England on the 6th August, 1901 and reached New Zealand’s shores on the 29th November. Amongst the crew of the ship was one Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922), transferred from the Merchant Navy, who went on to lead his own expedition to the Antarctic aboard Nimrod in 1907-09. The Discovery left Lyttelton Harbour for Antarctica, on the 21st December, 1901, where the crew hoped to carry out their scientific research. During the expedition, the explorers discovered the snow-free Dry Valleys and the Emperor Penguin colony of Cape Crozier. Discovery returned to England on the 10th September, 1904.]]> ___]]> Discovery expedition was led by naval commander Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) (later made Captain and knighted), under the auspices of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. The Discovery left the Isle of Wight, England on the 6th August, 1901 and reached New Zealand’s shores on the 29th November. Amongst the crew of the ship was one Ernest Shackleton (1874-1922), transferred from the Merchant Navy, who went on to lead his own expedition to the Antarctic aboard Nimrod in 1907-09. The Discovery left Lyttelton Harbour for Antarctica, on the 21st December, 1901, where the crew hoped to carry out their scientific research. During the expedition, the explorers discovered the snow-free Dry Valleys and the Emperor Penguin colony of Cape Crozier. Discovery returned to England on the 10th September, 1904.]]> ___]]> aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]> Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-03. This was the third of three similar expeditions led by Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), all with aims to investigate the causes of ‘magnetic disturbances on the earth and aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible from around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]> Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-03. This was the third of three similar expeditions led by Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), all with aims to investigate the causes of ‘magnetic disturbances on the earth and aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible from around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]> Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-03. This was the third of three similar expeditions led by Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), all with aims to investigate the causes of ‘magnetic disturbances on the earth and aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible from around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]> In February 1948, 12 Australians and 5 Americans, men and women, set out on a 9 month expedition across Arnhem Land in the north of Australia. Led by Australian anthropologist and photographer Charles Mountford (1890-1976), the expedition’s aim was to chronicle the indigenous peoples and their environment. An enormous amount of data was collected including artefacts, scientific specimens and photographs. The expedition was ground-breaking for the time.
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In February 1948, 12 Australians and 5 Americans, men and women, set out on a 9 month expedition across Arnhem Land in the north of Australia. Led by Australian anthropologist and photographer Charles Mountford (1890-1976), the expedition’s aim was to chronicle the indigenous peoples and their environment. An enormous amount of data was collected including artefacts, scientific specimens and photographs. The expedition was ground-breaking for the time. ]]> ___]]> Vire, which had come from Noumea. On the 9th December the expedition party tried to observe the Transit of Venus but were unsuccessful due to cloudy skies. They left Campbell Island on 28th December, 1874.The expedition party collected specimens of natural history found on the island and charts and maps were made of the surrounding areas.]]> Académie des Sciences (France)]]> Vire, which had come from Noumea. On the 9th December the expedition party tried to observe the Transit of Venus but were unsuccessful due to cloudy skies. They left Campbell Island on 28th December, 1874.The expedition party collected specimens of natural history found on the island and charts and maps were made of the surrounding areas.]]> Académie des Sciences (France)]]> Vire, which had come from Noumea. On the 9th December the expedition party tried to observe the Transit of Venus but were unsuccessful due to cloudy skies. They left Campbell Island on 28th December, 1874.The expedition party collected specimens of natural history found on the island and charts and maps were made of the surrounding areas.]]> Académie des Sciences (France)]]> Vire, which had come from Noumea. On the 9th December the expedition party tried to observe the Transit of Venus but were unsuccessful due to cloudy skies. They left Campbell Island on 28th December, 1874.The expedition party collected specimens of natural history found on the island and charts and maps were made of the surrounding areas.]]> Académie des Sciences (France)]]> Novara Expedition, 1857-59. With a crew of 345 and a scientific staff of seven, the Novara set sail from Trieste (now in Italy) on the 30th April, 1857 to circumnavigate the globe. An ambitious and important journey for its time, some of the material collected during the voyage is still being studied today. Among the specimens brought back to Europe were the leaves of the cocaine plant, from which the first pure cocaine was extracted in 1860. Christian Gottlieb Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829-84) was the geologist aboard the Novara who was encouraged by Governor Sir George Grey (1812-98) in Cape Town to remain in New Zealand in January 1859 when the Novara sailed for home. During his sojourn in New Zealand, Hochstetter travelled widely with the German Julius Haast (1822-87) and made many geological observations and recordings en route. Hochstetter is called by some ‘the Father of New Zealand Geology’. He returned to Trieste in January 1860.]]> ___]]> ovara Expedition, 1857-59. With a crew of 345 and a scientific staff of seven, the Novara set sail from Trieste (now in Italy) on the 30th April, 1857 to circumnavigate the globe. An ambitious and important journey for its time, some of the material collected during the voyage is still being studied today. Among the specimens brought back to Europe were the leaves of the cocaine plant, from which the first pure cocaine was extracted in 1860. Christian Gottlieb Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829-84) was the geologist aboard the Novara who was encouraged by Governor Sir George Grey (1812-98) in Cape Town to remain in New Zealand in January 1859 when the Novara sailed for home. During his sojourn in New Zealand, Hochstetter travelled widely with the German Julius Haast (1822-87) and made many geological observations and recordings en route. Hochstetter is called by some ‘the Father of New Zealand Geology’. He returned to Trieste in January 1860.]]> ___]]> Novara Expedition, 1857-59. With a crew of 345 and a scientific staff of seven, the Novara set sail from Trieste (now in Italy) on the 30th April, 1857 to circumnavigate the globe. An ambitious and important journey for its time, some of the material collected during the voyage is still being studied today. Among the specimens brought back to Europe were the leaves of the cocaine plant, from which the first pure cocaine was extracted in 1860. Christian Gottlieb Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829-84) was the geologist aboard the Novara who was encouraged by Governor Sir George Grey (1812-98) in Cape Town to remain in New Zealand in January 1859 when the Novara sailed for home. During his sojourn in New Zealand, Hochstetter travelled widely with the German Julius Haast (1822-87) and made many geological observations and recordings en route. Hochstetter is called by some ‘the Father of New Zealand Geology’. He returned to Trieste in January 1860.]]> ___]]> Karluk was carried away by ice and subsequently crushed with the loss of eleven lives. Among the members of the expedition was New Zealander Diamond Jenness (1886-1969), an anthropologist, born in Wellington and educated at Oxford. A survivor of the Karluk crushing, Jenness spent two years living with the Copper Inuit and his research helped to cement his reputation as an eminent ethnologist. He became Canada’s Chief Anthropologist in 1926.]]> ___]]> Karluk was carried away by ice and subsequently crushed with the loss of eleven lives. Among the members of the expedition was New Zealander Diamond Jenness (1886-1969), an anthropologist, born in Wellington and educated at Oxford. A survivor of the Karluk crushing, Jenness spent two years living with the Copper Inuit and his research helped to cement his reputation as an eminent ethnologist. He became Canada’s Chief Anthropologist in 1926.]]> ___]]> Discovery. The SNAE was led by experienced polar scientist and explorer, William Spiers Bruce and the expedition party left Scotland aboard the Scotia on November 2nd, 1902. During their research time in Antarctica a meteorological base was set up and became a permanent feature of the Antarctic landscape. Administered by the Argentinians and named Orcadas Base, the weather station has been in continuous operation since its inception and it is thought that the scientific research carried out during the expedition ‘laid the foundation of modern climate change studies’ (Wikipedia).]]> ___]]> Discovery. The SNAE was led by experienced polar scientist and explorer, William Spiers Bruce and the expedition party left Scotland aboard the Scotia on November 2nd, 1902. During their research time in Antarctica a meteorological base was set up and became a permanent feature of the Antarctic landscape. Administered by the Argentinians and named Orcadas Base, the weather station has been in continuous operation since its inception and it is thought that the scientific research carried out during the expedition ‘laid the foundation of modern climate change studies’ (Wikipedia).]]> ___]]> Ogmorhinus leptonyx - Leopard seal]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Lobodon carcinophagus - Crabeater Seal]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]>