Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-03. This was the third of three similar expeditions led by Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), all with aims to investigate the causes of ‘magnetic disturbances on the earth and aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible from around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]> Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-03. This was the third of three similar expeditions led by Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), all with aims to investigate the causes of ‘magnetic disturbances on the earth and aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible from around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]> Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-03. This was the third of three similar expeditions led by Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), all with aims to investigate the causes of ‘magnetic disturbances on the earth and aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible from around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]> aurora borealis’ (Birkeland, Preface, volume 1). The 1902-03 expedition was wide-ranging. Staff at four stations in Finmark, Norway; Iceland; Spitsbergen, Norway; and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia, collected scientific data which was to be augmented by data collected from as many stations as possible around the world.]]> Kristian Birkeland]]>