ovara Expedition, 1857-59. With a crew of 345 and a scientific staff of seven, the Novara set sail from Trieste (now in Italy) on the 30th April, 1857 to circumnavigate the globe. An ambitious and important journey for its time, some of the material collected during the voyage is still being studied today. Among the specimens brought back to Europe were the leaves of the cocaine plant, from which the first pure cocaine was extracted in 1860. Christian Gottlieb Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829-84) was the geologist aboard the Novara who was encouraged by Governor Sir George Grey (1812-98) in Cape Town to remain in New Zealand in January 1859 when the Novara sailed for home. During his sojourn in New Zealand, Hochstetter travelled widely with the German Julius Haast (1822-87) and made many geological observations and recordings en route. Hochstetter is called by some ‘the Father of New Zealand Geology’. He returned to Trieste in January 1860.]]> ___]]> Novara Expedition, 1857-59. With a crew of 345 and a scientific staff of seven, the Novara set sail from Trieste (now in Italy) on the 30th April, 1857 to circumnavigate the globe. An ambitious and important journey for its time, some of the material collected during the voyage is still being studied today. Among the specimens brought back to Europe were the leaves of the cocaine plant, from which the first pure cocaine was extracted in 1860. Christian Gottlieb Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829-84) was the geologist aboard the Novara who was encouraged by Governor Sir George Grey (1812-98) in Cape Town to remain in New Zealand in January 1859 when the Novara sailed for home. During his sojourn in New Zealand, Hochstetter travelled widely with the German Julius Haast (1822-87) and made many geological observations and recordings en route. Hochstetter is called by some ‘the Father of New Zealand Geology’. He returned to Trieste in January 1860.]]> ___]]> Terra Nova, Scott hoped to be the first to reach the South Pole. Scott and his four colleagues did reach the South Pole on the 17th January, 1912 but had been beaten by Norwegian Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) and his team who had reached the Pole 33 days before Scott. Unfortunately, Scott and his party perished on the Ross Ice Shelf on the return journey.]]> ___]]> ___]]> Introduction, volume 1, number 1) and among the expedition party members were English entomologist Frederick Wallace Edwards (1888-1940) and Sir George Taylor (1904-93) a Scottish botanist who subsequently became Director of Kew Gardens from 1956 to 1971.]]> ___]]> Introduction, volume 1, number 1) and among the expedition party members were English entomologist Frederick Wallace Edwards (1888-1940) and Sir George Taylor (1904-93) a Scottish botanist who subsequently became Director of Kew Gardens from 1956 to 1971.]]> ___]]>
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Introduction, volume 1, number 1) and among the expedition party members were English entomologist Frederick Wallace Edwards (1888-1940) and Sir George Taylor (1904-93) a Scottish botanist who subsequently became Director of Kew Gardens from 1956 to 1971.]]> ___]]>
Discovery. The SNAE was led by experienced polar scientist and explorer, William Spiers Bruce and the expedition party left Scotland aboard the Scotia on November 2nd, 1902. During their research time in Antarctica a meteorological base was set up and became a permanent feature of the Antarctic landscape. Administered by the Argentinians and named Orcadas Base, the weather station has been in continuous operation since its inception and it is thought that the scientific research carried out during the expedition ‘laid the foundation of modern climate change studies’ (Wikipedia).]]> ___]]> Discovery. The SNAE was led by experienced polar scientist and explorer, William Spiers Bruce and the expedition party left Scotland aboard the Scotia on November 2nd, 1902. During their research time in Antarctica a meteorological base was set up and became a permanent feature of the Antarctic landscape. Administered by the Argentinians and named Orcadas Base, the weather station has been in continuous operation since its inception and it is thought that the scientific research carried out during the expedition ‘laid the foundation of modern climate change studies’ (Wikipedia).]]> ___]]> ]]> ___]]> ]]> ___]]> Ogmorhinus leptonyx - Leopard seal]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Lobodon carcinophagus - Crabeater Seal]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Megalestris [Stercorarius] maccormicki - South Polar skua]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Ommatophoca rossi[i] - Ross seal]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Pygoscelis adeliae - Adélie Penguin

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Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]>
Pygoscelis adeliae - Adélie Penguin]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Leptonychotes weddelli[i] - Weddell Seal]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Pagodroma (Petrel); Eggs of Pygoscelis (Penguin)]]> Southern Cross, 1898-1900; (also known as British Antarctic Expedition) - Privately-funded by Sir George Newnes, a British publishing magnate, and led by Anglo-Norwegian explorer, Carsten Borchgrevink (1864-1934), Southern Cross sailed for Antarctica on 22nd August, 1898. It was an expedition of ‘firsts’: the first to use dogs on the ice; the first to erect buildings on the frozen continent; the first expedition party to ‘overwinter’ on the continental mainland; and unfortunately (after the death, supposedly from intestinal problems, of Norwegian zoologist Nicolai Hanson (1870-99)), the first to bury a body on Antarctica. On its return to England in June of 1900, despite its ‘ground-breaking achievements in Antarctic survival and travel’ and a number of ‘firsts’, the Southern Cross expedition did not receive the same accolades as subsequent British Antarctic expeditions in 1901-04, 1907-09 and 1910-13. Physicist and astronomer of the expedition, Louis Charles Bernacchi (1876-1942) wrote an account of his time aboard Southern Cross and subsequently joined as physicist Robert Falcon Scott’s Discovery expedition to Antarctica in 1901-04.]]> ___]]> Antarctic on October 16th, 1901, with Norwegian Captain Carl Anton Larsen (1860-1924) at the helm. On the journey south to Antarctica the crew picked up Argentinian naval officer José Sobral who joined the expedition in exchange for help from the Argentinian government. In the winter of 1902 a group of six scientists, which included Nordenskjöld, set up camp on Snow Hill Island off the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The ship, Antarctic, and the remaining crew travelled north intending to spend the winter exploring. The Snow Hill Island group spent the winter making scientific observations. After the icepack failed to open up in the summer of 1903 to allow the Antarctic’s return to pick them up, they realised they would have to spend another winter on the ice and subsequently bagged 400 penguins and 30 seals for their winter food and fuel supplies. During this time the Antarctic, on its trip north, had become stuck in the sea ice and the remaining crew abandoned the sinking ship and trekked, along with the ship’s cat, to Paulet Island (at the north-eastern end of the Antarctic Peninsula). There they built a stone hut and killed over a thousand penguins to supplement their winter food supplies taken from the ship. Eventually both parties were rescued by the Argentinian boat Uruguay in November, 1903.]]> ___]]> Antarctic on October 16th, 1901, with Norwegian Captain Carl Anton Larsen (1860-1924) at the helm. On the journey south to Antarctica the crew picked up Argentinian naval officer José Sobral who joined the expedition in exchange for help from the Argentinian government. In the winter of 1902 a group of six scientists, which included Nordenskjöld, set up camp on Snow Hill Island off the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The ship, Antarctic, and the remaining crew travelled north intending to spend the winter exploring. The Snow Hill Island group spent the winter making scientific observations. After the icepack failed to open up in the summer of 1903 to allow the Antarctic’s return to pick them up, they realised they would have to spend another winter on the ice and subsequently bagged 400 penguins and 30 seals for their winter food and fuel supplies. During this time the Antarctic, on its trip north, had become stuck in the sea ice and the remaining crew abandoned the sinking ship and trekked, along with the ship’s cat, to Paulet Island (at the north-eastern end of the Antarctic Peninsula). There they built a stone hut and killed over a thousand penguins to supplement their winter food supplies taken from the ship. Eventually both parties were rescued by the Argentinian boat Uruguay in November, 1903.]]> ___]]> Albatross 1947-1948]]> Albatross left Gothenburg, Sweden for a 15-month, privately funded voyage with oceanographer and leader of the expedition, Hans Pettersson and his scientific team aboard. The aim of the expedition was to explore the depths of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans near the equator. The team retrieved core-samples from the bottom of the ocean, took water samples, made temperature recordings, carried out deep-sea trawlings, and made echograms of the ocean floor. The Albatross and its crew covered 45,000 nautical miles and took core samples from depths of almost 8000 metres.]]> ___]]> Thetis, 1898 - In February and March of 1898, Her Majesty’s Colonial Steamer Thetis trawled the sea off the coast of New South Wales. Politician and advocate of the emerging Australian fishing industries, Mr Frank Farnell (1868-1928) was director of the expedition, which was financed by the Colonial Government of Australia. Edgar Ravenswood Waite (1866-1928), the zoologist aboard Thetis, wrote that ‘the expedition was conducted purely in the interests of fishing industries’ (Introduction, volume 1) and not from a traditional scientific point of view. In 1906, Edgar Waite became curator of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch and he also accompanied Sir Douglas Mawson on the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14.]]> ___]]>